Roadkill Garage Episode Rating Graph

The legendary '68 Dodge Charger known as General Mayhem gets stripped of its 707-hp Hellcat engine and all the accompanying electronics, as Freiburger and Dulcich vow to take it from the dragstrip setup back to its motorhome 440-powered V8 and gravel-chucking roots.

Steve Dulcich enlists the help of crew member and fellow '80s action-movie enthusiast Wiley Stevens to get the '67 Bang Shifting Cougar back on the road. The guys install a new trans, suspension, and custom hood, among other upgrades. Will the Cougar continue to eat up transmissions, or will it manage spectacular burnouts?

The "COVID-350"-powered, six-speed '56 Chevy Bel Air may sport 500 hp, but it is far from perfection. In this episode of Roadkill Garage, Freiburger and Dulcich bring it closer to reaching their goals with some weight reduction, suspension modifications and a new 9-inch rear end.

Freiburger and Dulcich finish up the '56 Chevy Field Car build with new coilover front suspension, new gears for their 9-inch rear end, a ported intake and a slew of other modifications in order to get the car down the dragstrip for its best time to date. No rear gears were harmed in the filming of this episode.

After a long build, the F-Rod finally does what it's made to do: run fast and look awesome doing it! Freiburger and Dulcich get some extra help from Sam Strube to finish the '31 Model A and take it to the track. Watch now to find out if the guys make David's dream of running 8s in the quarter mile with the 572ci naturally aspirated Chevy V8 come true.

Freiburger and Dulcich begin piecing the General Mayhem '68 Dodge Charger back together. With the body back after Chris Birdsong's unbelievable sheet metal and structure replacements, the guys go through every bit of the process of getting the Mayhem back to its 440 big-block-powered version.

This special episode of Roadkill Garage finds us well outside the garage, heading into the outback of Colorado to revive a `68 Jeep Wagoneer that had been sitting untouched for 22 years! We’ve also got special guest host Rick Péwé, editor of Jp Magazine—but fear not, because regular host Steve Dulcich and his dog farm will be back in the next episode. Meanwhile, watch David Freiburger and Péwé struggle with the obscure 327ci Rambler V-8 in the old Jeep. They’ll also grapple with Freiburger’s original concept of turning this rig into the DRAGoneer, a weirdo of a sleeper drag-racing machine; could the “Waggy” just be too good to tear up, Roadkill style? Decide for yourself by the time you reach the end of this Roadkill Garage field trip.

The un-wrecking of the Wreck Runner, a half '68 Satellite and half '68 Road Runner, is an ongoing saga. Dulcich is joined by Wiley Stevens and Chris Birdsong to bring new life to the car with a shifter upgrade, new clutch and one of the biggest body mods in RKG history -- a near-full rear quarter panel replacement.

Freiburger and Dulcich have love for Dusters, but not the slant-six. The guys add V-8 power to their red 1971 Plymouth Duster, whose seized slant-six had seen better days. With the addition of the V-8, four-speed, a beefier new rear end, and a handful of other repairs, the guys get the Red

On this episode of Roadkill Garage, Steve Dulcich’s teenage dreams finally come true as David Freiburger surprises him with a new project: a 1965-ish VW Dune Buggy! The guys have mastered the American engine; now it’s time they take on something new, or at least new to them. The “Boon Duggy” has a German-engineered four-cylinder 1200 boxer engine boasting a furious 40 horsepower and a four-speed transaxle. There’s only one problem—it’s been sitting around for years and may not even run. Will the guys’ knowledge of V-8s translate to VWs, or will they figure out how to overheat an air-cooled engine? Watch as the guys have maximum fun with minimal car.

Freiburger and Dulcich pull a 1966 (or is it a 1965?) International Harvester truck from a garage where it's sat for decades. They found the truck and fell in love on a previous episode, but now will they be able to get it running and back on the road?

Freiburger and Dulcich get the F-Rod 1931 Model A fired up and ready for racing. After finishing up the 572 big-block Chevy V8, installing the crank trigger ignition system, and sorting through every mechanical gremlin on the car, the hopes of running naturally-aspirated 8s in the quarter mile have never been closer to becoming a reality.

The Crew Cab is back! This episode of Roadkill Garage powered by Dodge answers one main question: How much nitrous can you put through a stock long-block? It also indirectly answers another: Should you put nitrous on a stock long-block? David Freiburger and Steve Dulcich teach you the ins and outs of a nitrous installation as they attempt to make their big-block 455 Buick-powered ’66 Crew Cab Chevelle faster. You’ve seen the Crew Cab handle; you’ve seen it go for top-end speed. Now see how it does in the quarter-mile on and off the bottle. Will it go faster or end in disaster? Find out now!

Freiburger and Dulcich bring back the Wreck Runner, their '68 Satellite Road Runner clone. The guys fix a handful of issues -- brakes, torsion bars, shifter, seats, overall tune and more -- before thrashing it out on the dirt.

On this episode of Roadkill Garage, David Freiburger and Steve Dulcich have been challenged by Fred Williams and Dave Chappelle from Dirt Every Day to a Jeep build-off. What’s the best way to improve a 1975 CJ-5 with a small-block Chevy? Step one: Don't focus on the suspension, axles, gearing, and so forth. Step two: Add more power, of course! With some leftover parts from Engine Masters, the guys swap in a 383 short-block topped with a Weiand 671 supercharger and create the blown CJ-5 now known as the BJ-5! Before heading to the driving challenge set up by the Dirt Heads, the guys call in JP Editor Rick Péwé to help sort out some other mechanical issues and take the blown Jeep for its first off-road test drive.

“Station wagons: there is no finer American institution.” That’s what David Freiburger wrote way back in 1998 as the editor of Car Craft magazine. Twenty years later, it’s still true! Hot rodders love old station wagons, and surprisingly, many models can still be purchased cheaply. That’s proven in this episode of Roadkill Garage as Freiburger scores a 1968 Chrysler Town & Country wagon for $1,800—and it has a 440ci big-block for power! It’s soon dubbed the Gargantuwagon. Freiburger and Steve Dulcich show you how to give any old car a basic once-over before they also teach you how to give one a good thrashing without really hurting much. Soon it becomes clear that Dulcich’s 1967 Pontiac Bonneville wagon from Episode 11 needs to come play along—and if two full-size American land barges are good, then three are better as Lucky Costa from the HOT ROD Garage show jumps in with his 1966 Plymouth Fury wagon loaded with 512ci of big-block power!

Freiburger and Dulcich have a new project car, a quick and dirty ’40 Ford Fordor. Other than the lack of interior, some rust, poor suspension it really only has one main problem…it’s too slow! The guys decide to beef it up with some new heads, a new carb and a supercharger. The ’40 Ford already has a small-block Chevy power plant that either needs some TLC or to be retired completely. The guys dig into the grimy engine and find it’s more trouble than it’s worth, but they have a solution and end up hitting the farm roads to relive some bootlegging outlaw action.

David Freiburger finally gets to do some four-wheeling on Roadkill! Or Roadkill Garage, anyway. In this episode, he and Steve Dulcich attack the Jeep Scrambler that's been in the Freiburger fleet for about 20 years. It's a quality, old-school rockcrawler with 42-inch Swampers, Dana 60s, Air Lockers, 7.17 gears, an Atlas transfer case and NV4500 trans, and spring-over suspension. But it's been neglected for a decade, with only occasional car-crushing action. The guys pull it out of hiding, spiff up the mechanical glitches, and head out for some hard-core rockcrawling—with predictable #BecauseRoadkill results.

It's the 100th episode of Roadkill Garage, and to celebrate the occasion, Freiburger and Dulcich hit the road on Hot Rod's Power Tour. With their newly completed, V-8-transplanted '71 Plymouth Duster backed by a four-speed and 8.75-inch rear end, the guys road-test, race and roadside-fix their way along a 1,000-mile trip across multiple states.

The General Mayhem '68 Dodge Charger is back together and better than ever, with its 440 big-block powerplant and rust-free sheet metal! Freiburger and Dulcich finish piecing the Mayhem together and include what will hopefully be some engine-saving modifications before hitting the road for proper break-in procedures, aka burnouts!

Freiburger and Dulcich ditch the '56 Chevy's 265ci V8 for the homebuilt 500-hp COVID-350. With the addition of a six-speed manual trans, and the wheel hop issue fixed, the question is: will the added power lift the front end, or cause the stock rear end to depart itself of gears?

Steve finally convinces David to work on his 1975 Chrysler Conqueror, a boat that's powered by 318 V8 and a jet drive instead of a standard outboard engine. They'll get the engine running and test it out on the lake -- assuming that it will float.

Everyone needs a vacation, and on this episode of Roadkill Garage, David Freiburger and Steve Dulcich take a break from their everyday grind to do exactly what they love doing day in and day out anyway. Dulcich recently bought a new project vehicle in Arizona, a ’73 Triumph TR6, and the guys have decided to take the Mopar Muscle Truck (MMT) to go pick it up…only problem, it needs a new engine first because Dulcich blew up the 408ci small-block that was in it. After replacing the 408 with a 318, the guys test drive it and conclude it’s probably best to road trip to Arizona in the Ford Muscle Truck (FMT) to pick up the TR6 instead. Why do the guys ditch the MMT for the FMT? Find out on this episode of Roadkill Garage.

It took Michelangelo four years to paint the Sistine Chapel, but for Steve Dulcich it took only two years to paint the Crop Duster! That’s right, the Crop Duster is finally painted, and it’s a masterpiece! Way back on Episode 18 of Roadkill Garage, Dulcich set out on Part 1 of a DIY paint- and bodywork job and today that project is complete. Follow along as Dulcich and David Freiburger lift a huge weight off their shoulders, while also getting the ’67 long-bed C10 back up and running. Watch this paint-and-body episode that’s two-plus years in the making!

The Disgustang is back! David Freiburger and Steve Dulcich are going all in to finally give the 1969 Mach 1 the attention it deserves. Originally rescued from decades of junkyard neglect on Episode 66 of Roadkill, then engine-swapped and road-tripped over 1,300 miles only to be beaten around DirtFish Rally School on Episode 73, it will now be made into the ultimate Roadkill daily driver. What’s the plan, you ask? A power steering conversion, an engine bay refresh and paint, a five-speed trans swap, and a little cosmetic love. It’s an ambitious task to complete in five days, and the guys take to bang-shifting the Cougar for inspiration. Have they bitten off more than they can chew in a week’s time, or will they have it fired back up and running? Find out on this episode of Roadkill Garage.

The most epic day of desert bashing in Roadkill Garage history wasn’t all that it was cracked up to be. You’ve seen some of the aftermath on Roadkill Extra, but now get the whole story of what happened to the ’70 Dodge known as the Off-Road Challenger (ORC). It survived the 100-year sandstorm that nearly killed David Freiburger and Steve Dulcich, but the E-Body’s 318 engine wasn’t so fortunate–turns out cylinders don’t just self-bore when a pound of sand makes it through the carb. After two years of neglect on the farm, the guys finally get the ORC back into working order with a fresh 360 powerplant and 727 trans from a $1,500 parts truck. If just getting it back up and running wasn’t victory enough, the guys decide to put it to the test in a mud drag race against their blown small-block, Chevy-powered Jeep CJ-5. Will the Off-Road Challenger’s new heart survive another beating and out-mud the Jeep? Find out on this episode of Roadkill Garage.

This is an all-Ford episode, starting with the Ford Muscle Truck, taking a break to look at progress on the Disgustang 1969 Mach 1, and ending with a new-to-us Pro Street FoMoCo project car. The Ford Muscle Truck, or FMT, was first revealed on Episode 22; it’s a 1968 F-100 shortbed, stepside with a swapped-in 460 big-block, C6 auto trans, and factory 9-inch rear. On a fateful day seen on Roadkill Extra, Episode 368, Steve Dulcich blew up the rearend in the FMT and it’s been sitting untouched ever since. But then we needed to tow a new project car home, so on this episode we had no choice but to repair the FMT in order to have a tow vehicle to pick up our latest project car. Want to see it? You gotta watch the episode! Ford fans and ’80s lovers are gonna dig it. Even with all this vintage Ford stuff, Roadkill Garage is still powered by Dodge!

Vintage Chevy C10 pickups are hot, and there are tons of them around the Motor Trend world, including two 1967s that you’ll see in this episode along with Freiburger’s wild schemes for pickup-truck greatness. It all begins with a grandpa-fresh longbed and a 630-horsepower, 454ci Chevy big-block that has been seen in several installments of our Engine Masters show (its current configuration is the same as that in Engine Masters episode 10, “600hp Camshaft Shootout”). You’ll learn how to big-block-swap any ’67-’72 Chevy or GMC truck along with a Gearstar Transmissions Stage 4 700R4 overdrive automatic that’s beefed to handle the power. But did Freiburger and Dulcich create the ultimate tow rig they were hoping for? Well, let’s just say that this truck excels as an epic burnout machine.

The Crusher Impala is the 1969 Chevy built during Episode 60 of Roadkill (the one with Mighty Car Mods from Australia) and refined in Episode 65, where it ran 11.70s in the quarter-mile, did small wheelies, and outran the Rotsun. Problems? The blower was worn out and the brakes barely stopped. Also, after a summer out on the show circuit, some wiring was sketchy and the engine started to run super lean. In this installment of Roadkill Garage, all of those things get fixed—and the work turns into one of the most fun episodes ever, with plenty of tire smoke from stoppies and 100-yard burnouts. The Crusher Impala lives!

Freiburger and Dulcich make some significant progress on the F-Rod, and David goes deep into the automotive wiring abyss, teaching all the tips and tricks he knows for correctly wiring a hot rod. The guys also get reacquainted with the reacquired '68 Chrysler Town & Country known as the Gargantuwagon.

Will it run 10s? The Crusher Impala has been down the dragstrip multiple times but has never run the number. Freiburger and Dulcich troubleshoot transmission issues and more in the 1969 Chevy Impala that's powered by a supercharged 498ci big-block V8, then take it back to the track to see if they can finally get their 10-second time slip.

Can you have too many Dusters in your life? Not if you're Freiburger or Dulcich. The guys add one more to the fleet. Unfortunately, this 1971 Duster in Rally Red hasn't moved since 1993, but that's not as unfortunate as its slant-six power plant. The guys get the gutless Plymouth back on the road, but it's not long before the engine reveals its true worth.

Freiburger pits his '69 Ford Mustang Mach 1 known as the Disgustang against Dulcich's '67 Mercury Bang-Shifting Cougar. After some suspension and rear-end modifications and upgrades on the Cougar, the guys hit the road and an airport runway to find out which car is the better beater.

Recently, Dulcich picked up a rough new project 1974 Dodge Charger that affectionately became the Bro-Charger. Dulcich enlists the help of Wiley Stevens to make the derelict Charger into an actual roadworthy vehicle. After a lot of wrenching, the guys take a road-trip test drive to Las Vegas, Nevada, to meet up with Chris Birdsong and compete in an autocross event.

Dulcich enlists help from Wiley Stevens and Chris Birdsong in order to transplant a third-generation Hemi into the 1974 Dodge D100 known as the Mopar Muscle Truck. After frustrations and issues hold up progress, the guys clean up a new project 1974 Dodge Charger and get it on the road.

The '73 Chevy step-side "Muscle Truck" has a storied history. Freiburger and guest host Dave Chappelle fabricate another chapter in the truck's saga with the addition of a beefy four-link suspension and coilovers to hopefully get it to finally sit right.

The ’67 Chevy C10 shortbed is back. Its storied past started in HOT ROD Garage and then multiple episodes of Roadkill and Roadkill Garage, but now it’s time to finally make it a clean and respectable daily driver. David Freiburger and Steve Dulcich take on the task of a DIY paint match on the bed, a five-lug conversion, interior upgrades, new wheels, and a new gas tank that doesn’t put rust into the fuel system. Watch and learn on this episode of Roadkill Garage, as the C10 transforms into something that’s probably way too nice for Freiburger, but not too nice to thrash on.

One of the most daunting jobs on a car is bodywork and paint, but Roadkill Garage’s Steve Dulcich has no fear of hammers, dual-action sanders, and body filler. On this episode, he’s going to attack David Freiburger’s 1970 Plymouth known as the Crop Duster and show you his techniques for quick-and-dirty body repair with fantastic results—but not until he manages to get the car up on three wheels while hooning around. As longtime followers know, initiating paintwork can be the death knell for a Dulcich-Freiburger project car, but this time Dulcich swears the Crop Duster will be back on the road in no time. This is Part 1 of the paint and body series. Look for Part 2 about painting and detailing the car.

What happens when Freiburger and Dulcich take the '56 Chevy Field Car, Bang-Shifting Cougar, and '31 Model A Ford "F-Rod" to test at the dragstrip? You get two out of three down the track, and one is destined to break. Such is the guys' life, but at least they get the suspensions dialed in for some of their fastest runs down the quarter mile in two of their cars.

This is the pilot episode of an all-new show that will be appearing exclusively on Motor Trend On Demand monthly in 2016. Roadkill Garage features David Freiburger from Roadkill and Steve Dulcich from Engine Masters (but, don't worry, Mike Finnegan is still the co-host on Roadkill). RK Garage will show Freiburger and Dulcich wrenching on Roadkill project cars and other things that meet the Roadkill vibe. They'll show you how to do the wrong things the right way. In this episode, the guys attempt a three-day overhaul of the 351 Cleveland engine from the '67 Mercury Cougar that belonged to Freiburger when the show began, but that transferred to Dulcich before the shoot was over. The "rebuild" is not exactly kosher, but it's dirt cheap and generates good tire smoke!

The Dulcich D100 is back! On Roadkill Garage Episode 15, you were introduced to this Mopar Muscle Truck, a shortbed stepside that we loaded with a 500hp, 360ci small-block before taking it drag racing at Roadkill’s first-ever Zip-Tie Drags. After that, Steve Dulcich drove the truck everywhere for months, including using it for tow duty. Unfortunately, after the Dodge was used to haul the Crusher Camaro to the track one day, it had a massive meltdown, when a hole appeared in a cylinder wall. Dulcich removed the 360 and installed a 400hp, 318ci engine to keep the truck in service. David Freiburger couldn’t allow that, downgrading the Mopar Muscle Truck to the Mopar Yoga-Class Truck. Watch the action on this episode as the guys install a fresh, 550hp, 408ci engine! Were the truck’s other dragstrip deficiencies addressed? Of course not! But that never stops Roadkill Garage from trying—even if it leaves our projects in pieces by the time we’re done.

For years, David Freiburger has wanted a true running and drivable hot rod but has never been able to pull one from the halls of neglect to finish it…until now. On this episode of Roadkill Garage powered by Dodge, meet Freiburger and Steve Dulcich's new project car, a Model A on ’32 Ford rails. With three days to get this roller running, there’s not much to do other than install a Chevy small-block and Turbo 350 trans, build the brakes, install new axles and gears, do all of the wiring and plumbing, and, of course, add a tunnel-ram! Maybe it’s a little ambitious to build in three days, but Freiburger’s mantra is: don’t get it right, just get it running. After all, you really have to get a hot rod on the road before you can tell if you’re in love or not. The guys hit some roadblocks with compression issues that send their heads spinning but manage to eventually get it on the road. This leaves only one question unanswered: Will Freiburger love it or will another project fall to neglect?

Back on Episode 87 of Roadkill, David Freiburger and Mike Finnegan bought a completely wrecked ’68 Road Runner and brought it back to life, creating the world’s only C-Body Road Runner. Now on this episode of Roadkill Garage, Freiburger and Steve Dulcich are finally seeing through with the original plan of using the C-Body as a parts car. Follow along as the guys turn a straight ’68 Plymouth Satellite body purchased for $500 into an awesome 383, four-speed Road Runner clone for under $10K.

Freiburger challenges Dulcich to a showdown between a newly acquired cheap truck and the almighty Ford Muscle Truck. The challenge is this: Can a ’74 Ford F-100 long bed with a 360 FE engine be just as much fun as the FMT with just a few hop-ups?

Freiburger and Dulcich actually get the Bang-Shifting Cougar back on the road only to have trouble once again. As Dulcich sorts out some shifting issues, Freiburger gets started on the F-Rod '31 Model A. With a naturally-aspirated 572 big-block Chevy V8, he hopes his dream drag machine will run 8s in the quarter mile.

Nothing beats getting a vehicle back on the road -- except maybe putting two back on the road, of course! Freiburger and Dulcich attempt to get a 1967 Jeep Wagoneer that's been sitting for 31 years back on the road from Yakima, Washington. Plus, they find Dulcich's dream 1964 Cadillac DeVille convertible in the process. These are not your normal junkyard finds.

Freiburger and Dulcich rescue a flat-fender 1952 CJ-3A Jeep with a small-block Chevy that looks like it's sat at the bottom of the ocean. Dulcich found the Jeep in a yard, and after years of neglect, the guys are making it run and drive the only way they know how. They're not getting it right -- they're just getting it running.

One of the show's nicest project cars becomes easier to drive! Freiburger and Dulcich take the racecar out of the '70 Plymouth Duster known as the Crop Duster and make it streetable. With its new 440 V-8 and gearing, the car finally ran 10s at the strip. Now the guys attempt to make it slower and quieter for more drivability off the track.

Sometimes new tech can make an old dog do new tricks. Freiburger and Dulcich fix a fuel slosh and delivery issue in the Crusher Impala. The 1969 Chevy roasts tires with its stroked, over-bored and 8-71 supercharger-topped 498ci big-block, but the carburetors have always had some issues when doing donuts. Now the guys are fixing it with fuel injection.

In Roadkill Episode 58, David Freiburger scored the car he'd wanted for 20-plus years, a 1971 Plymouth Road Runner. It was a decent car, mostly original with 95,000 miles on it, but a repaint had turned to chalk, and it looked ridiculous with tiny tires. In this episode of Roadkill Garage, we head to the Steve Dulcich Dog Farm to fix all of that and start turning it into a daily driver. You won't believe the paint’s transformation!

The 1967 Chevy known as the Crusher Camaro has a long history at Hot Rod magazine as well as on Roadkill and Hot Rod Garage. Most recently, the car was transformed by Hot Rod Garage into a Pro Touring machine with supercharged LS power, but the fans spoke out: They wanted the car to return to retro! Starting with this episode of Roadkill Garage, that’s what’s gonna happen. The newest look for the Crusher is inspired by early-’70s NHRA Modified Production drag cars, and this first installment shows the transformation of a BluePrint Engines 400ci small-block Chevy into a tunnel-rammed, retro monster making about 560 hp! Best of all, this episode features 60 percent more fire. Stay tuned later in the season for future installments of the Crusher Camaro’s retro revival.

One of the most popular project vehicles on the Roadkill series is the Muscle Truck, a 1974 Chevy stepside pickup loaded with an LS6 engine. This time on Roadkill Garage, the truck gets a mini-makeover in preparation for the 2016 Hot Rod Power Tour. Some of the planned changes are designed for better highway cruising, but there's an important question to be answered: is the Muscle Truck still capable of massive burnouts for distance? Of course we find that out the fun way in Roadkill Garage episode 6. Thanks to LMC Truck and Jegs for product support on this episode.

What’s the use of more power if you can’t handle it? Last episode, David Freiburger and Steve Dulcich refreshed the drivetrain in the Disgustang but now they are tackling the rest of the project to truly make it a daily-driving beast. Up front, it’s getting a new suspension with plenty of stiffening to the flimsy Ford while still making it a smooth ride. In the hind quarters, they are upgrading the shocks, swapping the rear gears, and beefing up the axles. Once everything is together, the guys finally get to take the Disgustang on its maiden voyage. Will it pass the Roadkill daily-driver test? Find out on this episode of Roadkill Garage!

Steve Dulcich and Wiley Stevens up the cam game on the '70 Dodge known as the Off-Road Challenger, while also seeing if Wiley's '06 Subaru can easily be made into a rally-capable daily driver by way of suspension and airflow upgrades. But the real question is: will either car survive the farm's rally course?

Freiburger and Dulcich give gold-medal examples of doing the wrong thing the right way with a big-block, four-speed '73 El Camino in need of an engine refresh; fixing a 454 that's obviously been messed with by means of a cheap at-home rebuild.

Finding the time to complete a project is hard enough, but being able to fix multiple problems on multiple projects at the same time? It’s nearly impossible, unless you’re David Freiburger and Steve Dulcich, of course! On this episode of Roadkill Garage, Freiburger and Dulcich take on the problems plaguing the off-road Challenger called Vanishing Paint and the Super Bee, in order to get them ready for a special Roadkill Nights shootout. If that wasn’t enough, the guys even find time to pick up a new project that’s not quite a mini Mopar muscle truck, but is 100-percent Rampage!

The 1956 Chevy Bel Air known as "The '56 Field Car" has had its share of ups and downs. Freiburger and Dulcich attempt to fix the 350-powered Bel Air and road trip it to the surfside Samoa Drag Strip in California. Unfortunately, an electrical issue the guys had never seen before turns what would have been beachside bliss into total disaster.