Happy Days Episode Rating Graph

With Richie in a dating slump, Fonzie sets Richie and himself up on a double date with two of his girls, Laverne and Shirley.

Marion, tired of the monotony of everyday house chores, decides to enter a televised dance contest. When Howard won't participate with her, she secretly enlists the help of Fonzie. Arnold unwittingly tells Howard that Marion has been at Arnold's early in the morning with another man, and Howard becomes suspicious.

At his 45th birthday, Howard realizes that his life has been very dull up to this point, and he attempts to run away to Tahiti.

Joanie enlists Fonzie to be her partner for a marathon dance at Arnold's. She desperately wants to outlast cheerleading captain Jill Higgins who had cut Joanie from the squad earlier. Prior to the dance, however, Fonzie's motorcycle breaks down, and he is forced to push it for 12 miles.

Howard wants Christmas Eve to only include the family, but Richie discovers that Fonzie will be all alone.

Needing to make a good impression for a prospective business deal, Howard asks Richie to take the ""Prince of Porcelain's"" daughter out on a date. Richie, however, already has big plans and asks Potsie to take his place and pretend to be him.

Fonzie finds his his bike in pieces, and the search is on to find out who did it.

After being embarrassed at Arnold's by a couple of hoods, Richie wants to take a jujitsu class to learn how to defend and stand up for himself.

Fonzie provides a drummer, who is black, to play with the band at Richie's party.

Fonzie poses as a police officer in order to stop a rumble between two rival gangs.

Richie reads a book about abnormal psychology and begins to think that there's something wrong with him.

Fonzie is accused of hitting a trouble-making student but refuses to testify at a school-board hearing. By not doing so, he runs the risk of being ruled against and getting fired.

Fonzie comes down with a terrible toothache but refuses to see a dentist. Meanwhile, Howard is upset about Joanie's choice of attire for a wedding she's attending.

With nothing to do for the Easter holiday, Richie, Potsie, and Ralph decide to rent a cabin at Lake Whitefish. They pretend to be adult businessmen in order to secure the cabin and get girls.

Richie meets a beatnik named Diedre at the movies and gets caught up in her type of lifestyle.

After experiencing a few strange happenings, Richie begins to buy into the legend that the place where their Halloween party is to be held, the old Simpson house, is haunted.

Fonzie asks Richie to watch after his girl, Denise, while he's out of town at a demolition derby. Denise, upon hearing what Fonzie's asked Richie to do, decides to test Richie's trustworthiness. Richie succumbs to temptation and makes out with Denise at Inspiriation Point, but he later finds out that she has mononucleosis.

Richie and Potsie, in their never-ending effort to get girls, decide that they want to join a gang called the Demons. However, in order to be accepted, they have to perform several dares.

Because the high school was vandalized, Officer Kirk imposes a curfew. Richie suggests that they demonstrate against the curfew, get arrested, and fight it in the courts. While Richie, Potsie, and Ralph are in the restroom at Arnold's discussing their plans, the lights go out, and they discover they are locked inside after Arnold closes up for the night.

Richie is named R.O.T.C. squad leader but has trouble controlling his squad. After several warnings to obey his commands, he puts them all on report.

An alien, Mork from Ork, comes to earth looking for someone average, or humdrum, to study and picks Richie.

Fonzie takes Howard to court after Fonzie's pigeon cage falls through the roof of his apartment during a blizzard. Fonzie claims the weight of the snow caused the roof to collapse while Howard claims it was the pigeon cage.

When his garage gets a new owner, Fonzie decides to quit. He is unable to find another job as a head mechanic, but, with Howard as his inspiration, vows to find his true calling.

Unknowingly, Richie, Potsie, and Ralph are invited to a party hosted by the She Devils gang in which the Devil who brings in the biggest nerd wins a $100 prize. After Richie discovers the purpose of the party, he and the guys head for the door. However, several Devils come in carrying a sack containing a guy who jilted the sister of the gang's leader. The guy is Chachi.

Not having enough to do now that Richie and Joanie are growing up and because she feels as though she's a slave to Howard, Marion gets a job waitressing at Arnold's.

Richie's old girlfriend comes back to Milwaukee and wants to go steady with him.

Potsie sets Richie up with a girl known to have a reputation. Richie doesn't get far with her but leads Fonzie and others to believe he did.

Convinced that no girl could be attracted to him and that he's useless, Ralph threatens to enlist with the Marines.

Joanie develops a crush on Potsie after he sings to her at Arnold's.

An ill Richie is home alone after the rest of the family go to see Cinerama. When he goes to see what is causing noises downstairs, he finds a burglar.

Needing money to get tickets to a big football game, Richie, Potsie, and Ralph decide to babysit 15 children on the night of Mardi Gras.

Tired of driving around in Howard's DeSoto, Richie and Potsie buy a car of their own. The car has several problems including an engine that won't run consistently. This causes problems when they try to impress two girls.

With Potsie away, the guys try to get Fonzie to take his place as the band's singer for the Senior Dance.

Joanie thinks Chachi is losing interest in her, and Chachi thinks Joanie isn't taking him seriously. On the advice of Lori Beth, Joanie invites Chachi over for dinner on a night where she is babysitting Potsie's cousins. Chachi tells Al that he's finally going to make his move with Joanie.

Richie buys a car from Fonzie and finds out that it is stolen.

Richie gets on the good side of a local gang, the Dukes, when he protects the leader's sister from being picked on. However, things change when the Dukes steal Potsie's bike, and Richie tries to get it back.

Howard's old army buddy, a black man, asks Howard to be the best man at his wedding. Howard and Marion consider holding the wedding at their home when the man can't find anyone else willing to do it.

To hide from overzealous fans, a popular rock group (one of the members was Richie's childhood friend) is staying at the Cunningham house, but Richie can't tell anyone that they're there. This poses a problem for Richie because nobody believes he actually knows them.

Richie, Postie, and Ralph are forced to go cruising for girls in Howard's DeSoto after Marion dents Richie's car at the supermarket. They find three girls but, later, find their boyfriends who are members of a gang called the Dragons.

Richie wins a date with a movie star, Cindy Shea, to a school dance, and Gloria breaks up with him because of circumstances surrounding it. Cindy, however, will only be able to meet up with Richie after the dance has started.

Potsie is staying with the Cunninghams, and he and Richie sneak out to watch a drag race in which Fonzie is involved.

Fonzie wants to win the ""Teacher of the Year"" award to spite a fellow teacher.

Facing failing his anatomy final, Potsie threatens to quit school. Fonzie tells him to use music as a tool to help him with the exam. Meanwhile, Joanie and Howard are at odds over her less-than-stellar report card, and Fonzie needs a new pair of boots.

Richie and the guys organize a time capsule for a school project. Howard agrees to let them use the vault at his store for the capsule, and Potsie accidentally locks them all inside.

Fonzie's friend's pregnant wife stays with Richie at the Cunningham house while the rest of the family is away on vacation.

Needing extra money, Chachi begins selling Incredo-Wax, a miracle product that will shine anything. Unfortunately, it has disastrous side effects and ruins everything it touches.

Richie and Potsie are invited to Potsie's cousin's stag party. In an attempt to lessen the effects of the alcohol they will consume, they each drink several cartons of milk and a sip of olive oil.

Richie and Potsie obtain fake identification cards in order to attend a burlesque show where Ralph says Bubbles McCall takes it all off.

Richie falls in love with a Wisconsin Cola poster girl and poses as a successful hardware businessman in order to meet her.

Richie buys tickets to a rock and roll show from Fonzie but has to work at the hardware store when Howard needs to have his tonsils removed. Because he'll be working until 9:00 PM, he won't be able to go to the show, so he asks Fonzie for a refund. Later, Howard tells Richie that he can close the store at 5:00 PM leaving him free to go to the show. He, now, has to ask Fonzie for the tickets back.

Because she's never been to his house or met his mother, Joanie thinks that Chachi is ashamed of her. Fonzie invites the Cunninghams over to the Arcola's for dinner on Chachi's behalf. Fonzie surmizes that Chachi is embarrassed of his mother and uncle and of the fact that they're poor.

Thinking her life is dull and that she's always treated like a little kid, Joanie wants to join the Red Devils' gang.

Richie and his girlfriend, Arlene, break up after two weeks of dating. Neither of them have dates for the prom, so they end up going together as friends.

After taking a look at a B+ Potsie got on an exam, Fonzie decides to drop back into school. He asks Richie to do his homework and cheat for him.

Richie and Potsie plan to host a poker night at the Cunningham house as Howard and Marion will be out of town. However, their plans change when three young women stop by after their car breaks down, and Potsie invites them to stay the night.

Richie, Potsie, and Ralph go on a trip to Chicago with the school choir. Not wanting to stay in their hotel room all night, they decide to sneak out and see a show.

Howard wants to buy a bomb shelter to protect his family. Problems quickly arise when several of Richie's friends ask if they can use it.

Fonzie reunites with an old flame, Pinky Tuscadero, who is in town to perform motorcycle stunts at a demolition derby.

Richie feels that he doesn't have enough privacy, so he decides to move in with Chuck. He quickly discovers, though, that bachelor life isn't quite what he expected it to be.

Joanie is set to go on her first car date, so Fonzie and Richie show her how to counter any advances her date may make toward her. Joanie says she may not want to counter his advances and would like to experience her first kiss.

Spike, Fonzie's little cousin, takes Joanie out on her first date. Richie and his date act as Joanie and Spike's chaperones and discover them missing at the movie theater.

Potsie saves Fonzie from a fire at the garage. Out of gratitude, Fonzie grants Potsie any one favor, and Potsie wants to pal around with the Fonz.

Howard secures a gig for Richie, Potsie, Ralph, and Bag to play at the Leopard Lodge dance. Fonzie is able to get the guys tuxedos, but, in return, he joins them as a member of the band. When Fonzie plays a loud bongo solo during a slow dance, Richie is chosen to give him the news that he's out of the band.

Looking for work, Richie, Potsie, and Ralph agree to fix the fence of an attractive divorcee. When the woman leaves for awhile, Potsie and Ralph decide to take off, as well, leaving Richie to finish the job by himself.

Fonzie survives an explosion at the garage triggered by the counterfeiters. The counterfeiters don't know that Fonzie has survived, so a phony funeral is staged at their funeral parlor to entrap them.

Howard and Al are co-chairmen of a Leopard Lodge fund-raiser. When the magician/escape-artist they hired injures himself while attempting the milk-can escape, Fonzie suggests another magician, the Amazing Randi.

After having been in several fights recently, on the advice of the Cunninghams, Fonzie agrees to see a psychologist.

Richie, Potsie, and Ralph need new uniforms for their baseball team and want to get a big celebrity to play the title role in their upcomming fundraiser production of Hamlet. When they can't get a big name to play the part, Fonzie agrees to do it.

To make some money, Richie, Potsie, Ralph, and Bag form a band. They secure a gig, but Richie and Potsie lose the money (including that of Ralph and Bag) playing poker.

Cindy, a new girl in school, asks Richie to tutor her. Richie is interested in more than just studying and makes several attempts to win her over.

Still upset about having given up on his dream as a screenwriter and having to pretend to be happy all of the time, Richie takes out his frustrations on everyone around him - including punching Fonzie in a bar.

Richie is writing a story about fears and phobias, and he finds out that Ralph is afraid of nearly everything. While Richie, Potsie, and Ralph are visiting a professor whose specialty is fear, lab mice become agitated. The professor concludes that it is a sign that a tornado is coming.

Facing a deadline for the school paper, Richie tries to get a photo of Clarabell the clown, from The Howdy Doody Show, without makeup. To get on the set, Richie plans to get Ralph to enter a Howdy Doody look-alike contest the show is conducting.

Pinky Tuscadero's younger sister, Leather, comes to Milwaukee looking for a gig. Al gives her and her group a job at Arnold's after a successful audtion, but Officer Kirk threatens to shut the place down after learning of Leather's troubled past.

Roger seeks Fonzie's advice regarding his love life, Joanie and Chachi write a song for their band, Potsie tries to get into the Leopard Lodge, and Marion is the lead in her theater group's musical.

Fonzie has to have his tonsils removed and will miss a big Halloween party.

A Hollywood talent scout, needing a mechanic for his limousine, sees Fonzie at Arnold's and thinks he could be the next James Dean. The Cunninghams, Potsie, and Ralph go to Hollywood with Fonzie for his screen test.

Joanie daydreams about the gang singing romantic Valentine's Day songs.

Wanting to be treated more like an adult, Chachi sells his soul to the devil. In order to get him out of it, Fonzie has to go 24 hours without receiving a kiss from a girl.

After hearing from a former employee about the wonders of television advertising, Howard thinks it will help his hardware store. He hires someone to handle the advertisement who guarantees a 40 percent increase in business in exchange for complete control of the project.

After his single makes it onto the record charts, Chachi is invited to go on tour with the Beach Boys as one of their opening acts. However, he quits the tour after learning he has diabetes.

Joanie brings home one of her students in an attempt to help her with her drug problem. The student promises Joanie that she'll make changes in her life, but she immediately takes several pills after everyone has gone to bed.

Chachi struggles with an essay on the causes, hardships, and influences of immigration until Fonzie tells him several stories in a series of musical vignettes.

Fonzie's girlfriend is a moderately successful ballet teacher, but Fonzie has trouble accepting that she may be happier as a professional performer in New York.

Al tells Chachi about his dull, mundane life, so Chachi suggests that he ask his mother out. He shows up at Arnold's the next night disheveled and tells Chachi that his mother is already seeing someone. Chachi is shocked and vows to get to the bottom of it.

Richie goes to a Leopard Lodge convention with Howard in Chicago despite wanting to go to a Bears game with Potsie and Ralph.

With Howard's hardware store about to face new competition, the Cunninghams decide they need to rent the room above their garage to generate extra income. Howard is shocked when Richie rents it to Fonzie.

Leather and the band audition for a television music show and are turned down. Leather's song, however, is stolen and recorded by another band.

With the recent death of a fellow Leopard Lodge member, Howard fears that he may be ousted as Grand Poohbah for not attracting any new members other than Potsie during his five-year reign. He gets Fonzie, Chachi, and Roger to join as pledges, and they have to follow the orders of Potsie during their initiation.

Potsie secures an audition as a singer for a local club. The potential success goes to his head, and he treats those around him as inferiors.

Joanie is unsure about whether or not she wants to go with her boyfriend to The Alamo, a special section of Inspiration Point.

After having to borrow money from Marion and being hassled by Fonzie about being a bum, Chachi takes a job as a dance instructor. Meanwhile, Howard takes away Potsie's salary after he sells power drills for $13.05 less than cost.

Fonzie comes to think that he is allergic to girls.

Roger Phillips, Marion's nephew, comes to Milwaukee to become an English teacher and the basketball coach at Jefferson High School. He gets off on the wrong foot with Fonzie after he inadvertently empties his locker, insults him, and crashes into his motorcycle.

Marion and Joanie take a trip to Mother Kelp's to help her move. From the time they arrive, Mother Kelp does nothing but critcize Marion. Meanwhile, Howard, Fonzie, Chachi, and Roger spend the weekend playing poker.

After getting a ""D"" on a paper for his investigative reporting class, Richie decides to do a story about the corrupt sanitation department that is forcing Howard to pay a weekly surcharge.

Fonzie is rejected several times by a new teacher at Jefferson High. After he kisses her in a final attempt to win her over, she screams and runs out of the house. Roger talks to her and finds out that she is a nun.

Fonzie faces jumping a caged shark on water skis, and Richie decides whether or not he wants to sign the Paramount Pictures contract he was offered.

Richie and Lori Beth have a fight and break up before going on a weekend trip where the band is backing up Leather and the Suedes. Meanwhile, Howard and Marion argue about women's rights.

Milwaukee's East Boulevard Business Association, led by Howard, wants to build an expressway off-ramp through Inspiration Point. Everyone does their best to stop the construction and save Inspiration Point.

Ashley receives an invitation to her estranged parents' wedding anniversary party. She doesn't want to go, but Fonzie insists.

A record producer hears a demonstration tape of Joanie and Chachi and is eager to sign them. However, Chachi has an argument with Mario, a member of the band, and says they're breaking up.

Fonzie's Falcons and their rival gang, the War Mongers, attempt to settle their old scores with a game of softball. The outcome is disputed, so they end up rumbling. Marion confronts Howard about his anxiety over becomming a grandfather, and Chachi continues to try to make up with Joanie.

Joanie prepares some home movies to send to Richie. She mentions that she and Chachi have had their problems over the summer. In the movies, Lori Beth announces that she's going to have a baby, Al's mother visits for the entire summer, Howard is consumed with Braves baseball, and Fonzie and his former gang, the Falcons, get ready to settle old scores with a rival gang.

Upset that the rest of the family is watching a football game instead of helping her prepare the Thanksgiving dinner, Marion reminds them of the meaning of the holiday with the story of the first Thanksgiving.

Roger's old flame from his school days shows up, and Roger cannot resist her. Fonzie attempts to prevent her from breaking his heart again.

Lori Beth asks Fonzie to be her coach in a new birthing method called natural childbirth. He's fully on board until he learns he has to be in the delivery room with her.

Fonzie substitutes for Roger in his hygiene class, and, as a prank, the students hide the lesson plan and tell Fonzie they're learning about sex. Roger is later informed that he will be fired as a teacher as a result of Fonzie's teachings.

Al is chosen to head the Leopard Lodge's annual Poobah Doo Dah when he says he can get his distant cousin, Frankie Avalon, to perform. However, as Al is auditioning other acts to round out the show, Avalon calls to say he can't make it.

A fencing champion from France visits UWM for an exhibition. After he insults Joanie and America, Richie challenges the champion to a duel.

Richie makes up a story to tell Lori Beth when he's actually escorting a baton twirler to the fraternity dance.

After Jenny's date dumps her before a big masquerade ball, Fonzie agrees to take her. They dress as a bride and groom and, as part of a talent portion of the party, have a make-believe wedding. However, since the captain of the boat performed the ceremony, the marriage may be legal. Roger believes they can get the marriage annulled if Jenny agrees to it, but, instead, she comes into Fonzie's apartment carrying suitcases.

Joanie has to decide where she wants to go to college: UCLA or the local UWM. She wants to go to UCLA, but Howard very much wants her to go to UWM, even offering her a new car as incentive. After much deliberation, Joanie announces that she's not going to college at all.

Jealous of Joanie's friendship with a new girl in school, Mikki, Jenny spreads a false rumor that Mikki is pregnant. As the rumor circulates, Fonzie is added to it as being the child's father.

Fonzie meets a deaf woman at the electric company office where he is attempting to straighten out a billing error for Howard. He gives Richie the indication that this girl may be the one.

Roger's family sends his brother, Flip, to Milwaukee with the hope that Roger can straighten him out. Roger entrusts Flip to pick up Marion after he attends a Fats Domino concert, but he skips the concert to hang out with some hoodlums and leaves Marion to walk home in the cold.

Desperate to get Chachi on the school's basketball team, a scout for Eastern Florida University offers him a scholarship and several other superfluous perks - including a cheerleading scholarship for Joanie. Fonzie is extrememly excited for Chachi, but Howard and Roger think the scholarships are too good to be true.

Mork returns to 1950s Milwaukee to learn about relationships in this fifth anniversary retrospective episode.

Potsie falls behind on his rent and is forced to move back in with his parents. However, after learning that Lori Beth's roommate likes men who live alone, Potsie has to stay in his apartment. He tells Fonzie that he can get quick cash but won't say how.

Fonzie takes his screen test with Richie as his reading partner. The director loves Fonzie, but the studio is more impressed with Richie and offers him a contract.

Howard's Uncle Joe, after reading Richie's report on the 1920s, tells him a story about what really happened during Prohibition.

Chachi discovers a great basketball player who recently transferred to Jefferson High. However, he initially holds back when performing for Roger and, suddenly, changes his mind about being on the team when his father orders him home in the middle of a practice.

Fonzie pledges his love to Ashley but risks losing her when he allows an old girlfriend to spend the night at his apartment. Meanwhile, Howard teaches K. C. to drive.

Marion encourages K. C. to date, so she accepts an invitation to Arnold's Gala Costume Ball from Melvin Belvin.

Lori Beth reports that Richie isn't moving after they crash his new motorcycle.

Lori Beth receives a letter from Richie in which he proposes marriage. She has to go to Greenland for the wedding, but doesn't have the money to make the trip. Marion goes on a show called Dreams Can Come True in which three women tell their stories of tragedy. The winner has their dream come true, and Marion hopes she can win the money for Lori Beth.

Joanie and Chachi have the opportunity to appear on a television music show but learn that their format is folk. Meanwhile, Fonzie is upset that folk music seems to be replacing rock and roll.

During a celebration of Fonzie and Ashley's six-month anniversary of their first date, they recall the events of that evening.

The merchant seamen are in town, and with them is Rico, a sworn enemy of Fonzie. Fonzie is primed to fight, but Father Delvecchio makes him promise not to.

Roger tries to convince Flip to stop drinking and hanging out with guys that do. Flip doesn't take his advice, and he and his friends accidentally hit Heather with their car. Meanwhile, Fonzie auditions barbers to replace his who recently died. Also, Jenny, K. C., Bobby, and Melvin are in charge of decorations for the Winter Carnival.

Fonzie babysits Heather when Ashley leaves for a tax seminar, but his attention is drawn away by a televised heavyweight title fight leaving Heather resentful toward him. Meanwhile, Joanie and Chachi return to Milwaukee after Joanie says she's sick.

On Christmas Eve, a terrible blizzard traps Howard and Joanie at the hardware store and Fonzie, Potsie, Chachi, Jenny, and Roger at Arnold's.

After a day of everyone asking favors of him, Fonzie has a nightmare about a mad scientist draining his cool.

Facing a dating slump, Fonzie suggests that Richie go to the library to meet girls. Richie meets Lori Beth Allen at the library who invites him to her dorm room.

Ralph's parents are getting a divorce, and Ralph becomes depressed. Meanwhile, Marion practices for her upcomming role as the witch in a Hansel & Gretel play.

Fonzie is shot, presumably by Potsie, during a weekend trip to Potsie's uncle's cabin. Fonzie, Chachi, and Roger each describe their versions of what happened.

The entire gang goes to Colorado to help Marion's Uncle Ben at his dude ranch. They have to come up with enough money in five days to pay off Ben's neighbor who holds a note on the ranch. They also will have to keep the ranch up and running.

Richie, Potsie, and Ralph want to join the best fraternity on campus, but they have to survive ""Hell Week"" first.

Richie is chosen the 1961 Delta Gamma King and acts like a jerk after receiving the honor. However, nobody knows that the reason he acts the way he does is a result of someone slipping a pill into his ginger ale. The next day, everyone is angry with Richie, but he is confused because he doesn't remember anything that happened after being crowned king.

Ralph is caught with the girl of the football team's star fullback, Rebel E. Lee. Instead of a fight, Fonzie arranges a boxing match between Rebel and Ralph to settle their dispute.

Richie tells Chachi the story of how he met Fonzie in order to convince him that joining a gang is a mistake.

Al fears an old lady has cursed him.

Initially furious that the music teacher, Cynthia Brannigan, hires the Boston Conservatory Orchestra for the annual Jefferson High concert, Fonzie changes his tune when he realizes that famous composer Tchaikovsky was very much like himself. Fonzie decides to get the entire Jefferson High gang to like classical music.

Joanie accepts an assistant teaching position at Patton High and immediately encounters trouble when a student has a crush on her.

Richie temporarily takes over a local newspaper's advice column but only tells Fonzie about it. Potsie and Ralph, in an attempt to solve their continuous bickering problem, write in to Richie's column. Richie, via the column, suggests they literally draw a line down the center of the room and for Ralph to stay on one side and Potsie on the other.

Fonzie assesses the damage to Pinky's car, and Richie asks Howard to delay the start of the demolition derby.

Richie, Potsie, and Ralph get an apartment of their own.

It's their 23rd anniversary, and Howard and Marion are angry at each other over a rate-your-mate test they took in a magazine. Richie, Fonzie, and Joanie have arranged for them to take a second honeymoon. Marion angers Howard even further when she wants everything to be exactly the same as it was on their first honeymoon.

Fonzie discovers thousands of dollars in counterfeit money hidden in a casket inside of a hearse he is working on. When he doesn't return from the funeral parlor after bringing back the hearse, the guys fear the worst.

Fonzie is invited to a socialite dinner party, but the people who invite him do so thinking Fonzie will make a fool of himself.

Chachi tells Fonzie that his motorcycle has seen better days, but Fonzie refuses to junk it. He finally decides to get a new bike after crashing his old one but has to save his money a little longer. Joanie suggests to Chachi that they all pool their money with Fonzie's to surprise him with a new bike for his birthday. Meanwhile, Arnold's has a new cook, but Fonzie's sixth sense tells him that something isn't right about him.

Chachi becomes jealous after seeing a kissing scene involving Joanie and another actor during rehearsals for a school musical. Fonzie also considers quitting as director.